Perpendicular vs. Orthogonal

Main Difference

The main difference between Perpendicular and Orthogonal is that the property of being perpendicular (perpendicularity) is the relationship between two lines which meet at a right angle (90 degrees). The property extends to other related geometric objects and Orthogonal is a relation of two lines at right angles.

• Perpendicular

  In elementary geometry, the property of being perpendicular (perpendicularity) is the relationship between two lines which meet at a right angle (90 degrees). The property extends to other related geometric objects.

  A line is said to be perpendicular to another line if the two lines intersect at a right angle. Explicitly, a first line is perpendicular to a second line if (1) the two lines meet; and (2) at the point of intersection the straight angle on one side of the first line is cut by the second line into two congruent angles. Perpendicularity can be shown to be symmetric, meaning if a first line is perpendicular to a second line, then the second line is also perpendicular to the first. For this reason, we may speak of two lines as being perpendicular (to each other) without specifying an order.

  Perpendicularity easily extends to segments and rays. For example, a line segment

  A

  B

  ¯

  {displaystyle {overline {AB}}}

  is perpendicular to a line segment

  C

  D

  ¯

  {displaystyle {overline {CD}}}

  if, when each is extended in both directions to form an infinite line, these two resulting lines are perpendicular in the sense above. In symbols,

  A

  B

  ¯

  ⊥

  C

  D

  ¯

  {displaystyle {overline {AB}}perp {overline {CD}}}

  means line segment AB is perpendicular to line segment CD. For information regarding the perpendicular symbol see Up tack.

  A line is said to be perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to every line in the plane that it intersects. This definition depends on the definition of perpendicularity between lines.

  Two planes in space are said to be perpendicular if the dihedral angle at which they meet is a right angle (90 degrees).

  Perpendicularity is one particular instance of the more general mathematical concept of orthogonality; perpendicularity is the orthogonality of classical geometric objects. Thus, in advanced mathematics, the word “perpendicular” is sometimes used to describe much more complicated geometric orthogonality conditions, such as that between a surface and its normal.

• Orthogonal

  In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the notion of perpendicularity to the linear algebra of bilinear forms. Two elements u and v of a vector space with bilinear form B are orthogonal when B(u, v) = 0. Depending on the bilinear form, the vector space may contain nonzero self-orthogonal vectors. In the case of function spaces, families of orthogonal functions are used to form a basis.

  By extension, orthogonality is also used to refer to the separation of specific features of a system. The term also has specialized meanings in other fields including art and chemistry.