Main Difference
The main difference between Adjective and Substantive is that the Adjective is a part of speech that describes a noun or pronoun and Substantive is a part of speech in grammar denoting a figurative or real thing or person
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Adjective
In linguistics, an adjective (abbreviated adj) is a word whose main role is to modify/ describe a noun or noun phrase. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.
Adjectives are one of the main parts of speech of the English language, although historically they were classed together with nouns. Certain words that were traditionally considered to be adjectives, including the, this, my, etc., are today usually classed separately, as determiners.
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Substantive
A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally meaning “name”) is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. Linguistically, a noun is a member of a large, open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
Lexical categories (parts of speech) are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language. In English, nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase.
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Adjective (noun)
A modifies a noun or describes a noun’s referent.
“The words “big” and “heavy” are English adjectives.”
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Adjective (noun)
A dependent; an accessory.
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Adjective (adjective)
Incapable of independent function.
“dependent|derivative”
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Adjective (adjective)
Adjectival; pertaining to or functioning as an adjective.
“adjectival”
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Adjective (adjective)
Applying to methods of enforcement and rules of procedure.
“procedural”
“substantive”
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Adjective (adjective)
Needing the use of a mordant to be made fast to that which is being dyed.
“substantive”
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Adjective (verb)
To make an adjective of; to form or convert into an adjective.
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Substantive (adjective)
Of the essence or essential element of a thing; as, “substantive information”.
“essential|in essence”
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Substantive (adjective)
Having substance; enduring; solid; firm; substantial.
“meaty|substantial”
“superficial”
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Substantive (adjective)
Applying to essential legal principles and rules of right; as, “substantive law”.
“adjective|procedural”
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Substantive (adjective)
Of a dye that does not need the use of a mordant to be made fast to that which is being dyed.
“adjective”
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Substantive (adjective)
Depending on itself; independent.
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Substantive (adjective)
Used like a noun substantive.
“substantival”
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Substantive (adjective)
Actually and legally held, as distinct from an acting, temporary or honorary rank or appointment.
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Substantive (noun)
A word that names a person, place, thing or idea; a noun (sensu stricto). from 16th c.
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Substantive (verb)
To make a word belonging to another part of speech into a id=noun (that is, a noun) or use it as a noun.