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Keep
A keep (from the Middle English kype) is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word keep, but usually consider it to refer to large towers in castles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should the rest of the castle fall to an adversary. The first keeps were made of timber and formed a key part of the Motte-and-Bailey castles that emerged in Normandy and Anjou during the 10th century; the design spread to England as a result of the Norman invasion of 1066, and in turn spread into Wales during the second half of the 11th century and into Ireland in the 1170s. The Anglo-Normans and French rulers began to build stone keeps during the 10th and 11th centuries; these included Norman keeps, with a square or rectangular design, and circular shell keeps. Stone keeps carried considerable political as well as military importance and could take up to a decade or more to build.
During the 12th century, new designs began to be introduced – in France, quatrefoil-shaped keeps were introduced, while in England polygonal towers were built. By the end of the century, French and English keep designs began to diverge: Philip II of France built a sequence of circular keeps as part of his bid to stamp his royal authority on his new territories, while in England castles were built without keeps. In Spain, keeps were increasingly incorporated into both Christian and Islamic castles, although in Germany tall fighting towers called bergfriede were preferred to keeps in the western fashion. In the second half of the 14th century, there was a resurgence in the building of keeps. In France, the keep at Vincennes began a fashion for tall, heavily machicolated designs, a trend adopted in Spain most prominently through the Valladolid school of Spanish castle design. Meanwhile, tower keeps in England became popular amongst the most wealthy nobles: these large keeps, each uniquely designed, formed part of the grandest castles built during the period.
In the 15th century, the protective function of keeps was compromised by improved artillery. For example, in 1464 during the Wars of the Roses, the keep in the Bamburgh Castle, previously considered to be impregnable, was defeated with bombards. By the 16th century, keeps were slowly falling out of fashion as fortifications and residences. Many were destroyed in civil wars between the 17th and 18th centuries, or incorporated into gardens as an alternative to follies. During the 19th century, keeps became fashionable once again and in England and France a number were restored or redesigned by Gothic architects. Despite further damage to many French and Spanish keeps during the wars of the 20th century, keeps now form an important part of the tourist and heritage industry in Europe.
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Keep (verb)
To continue in (a course or mode of action); not to intermit or fall from; to uphold or maintain.
“to keep silence;”
“to keep one’s word;”
“to keep possession”
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Keep (verb)
To hold the status of something.
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Keep (verb)
To maintain possession of.
“I keep a small stock of painkillers for emergencies.”
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Keep (verb)
To maintain the condition of.
“I keep my specimens under glass to protect them.”
“The abundance of squirrels kept the dogs running for hours.”
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Keep (verb)
To record transactions, accounts, or events in.
“I used to keep a diary.”
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Keep (verb)
To enter (accounts, records, etc.) in a book.
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Keep (verb)
To remain in, to be confined to.
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Keep (verb)
To restrain.
“ux|en|I keep my brother out of trouble by keeping him away from his friends and hard at work.”
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Keep (verb)
To watch over, look after, guard, protect.
“May the Lord keep you from harm.”
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Keep (verb)
To supply with necessities and financially support a person.
“He kept a mistress for over ten years.”
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Keep (verb)
To raise; to care for.
“He has been keeping orchids since retiring.”
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Keep (verb)
To maintain (an establishment or institution); to conduct; to manage.
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Keep (verb)
To hold or be held in a state.
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Keep (verb)
To have habitually in stock for sale.
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Keep (verb)
To reside for a time; to lodge; to dwell.
“She kept to her bed while the fever lasted.”
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Keep (verb)
To continue.
“I keep taking the tablets, but to no avail.”
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Keep (verb)
To remain edible or otherwise usable.
“Potatoes can keep if they are in a root cellar.”
“Latex paint won’t keep indefinitely.”
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Keep (verb)
To wait for, keep watch for.
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Keep (verb)
To act as wicket-keeper.
“Godfrey Evans kept for England for many years.”
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Keep (verb)
To take care; to be solicitous; to watch.
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Keep (verb)
To be in session; to take place.
“School keeps today.”
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Keep (verb)
To observe; to adhere to; to fulfill; not to swerve from or violate.
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Keep (verb)
To confine oneself to; not to quit; to remain in.
“to keep one’s house, room, bed, etc.”
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Keep (verb)
To visit (a place) often; to frequent.
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Keep (noun)
Care, notice
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Keep (noun)
The main tower of a castle or fortress, located within the castle walls.
“donjon”
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Keep (noun)
The food or money required to keep someone alive and healthy; one’s support, maintenance.
“He works as a cobbler’s apprentice for his keep.”
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Keep (noun)
The act or office of keeping; custody; guard; care; heed; charge.
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Keep (noun)
The state of being kept; hence, the resulting condition; case.
“to be in good keep”
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Keep (noun)
That which is kept in charge; a charge.
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Keep (noun)
A cap for holding something, such as a journal box, in place.
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Put (verb)
To place something somewhere.
“She put her books on the table.”
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Put (verb)
To bring or set into a certain relation, state or condition.
“Put your house in order!”
“He is putting all his energy into this one task.”
“She tends to put herself in dangerous situations.”
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Put (verb)
To exercise a put option.
“He got out of his Procter and Gamble bet by putting his shares at 80.”
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Put (verb)
To express something in a certain manner.
“When you put it that way, I guess I can see your point.”
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Put (verb)
To throw a heavy iron ball, as a sport. See shot put. Do not confuse with putt.
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Put (verb)
To steer; to direct one’s course; to go.
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Put (verb)
To play a card or a hand in the game called put.
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Put (verb)
To attach or attribute; to assign.
“to put a wrong construction on an act or expression”
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Put (verb)
To lay down; to give up; to surrender.
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Put (verb)
To set before one for judgment, acceptance, or rejection; to bring to the attention.
“to put a question; to put a case”
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Put (verb)
To incite; to entice; to urge; to constrain; to oblige.
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Put (verb)
To convey coal in the mine, as for example from the working to the tramway.
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Put (noun)
A right to sell something at a predetermined price.
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Put (noun)
A contract to sell a security at a set price on or before a certain date.
“He bought a January ’08 put for Procter and Gamble at 80 to hedge his bet.”
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Put (noun)
The act of putting; an action; a movement; a thrust; a push.
“the put of a ball”
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Put (noun)
An old card game.
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Put (noun)
An idiot; a foolish person; a duffer.
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Put (noun)
A prostitute.
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Put (verb)
move to or place in a particular position
“Harry put down his cup”
“I put my hand out towards her”
“watch where you’re putting your feet!”
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Put (verb)
cause (someone or something) to go to a particular place and remain there for a time
“India has put three experimental satellites into space”
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Put (verb)
(of a ship) proceed in a particular direction
“they put in at Cuba to refit”
“she stepped into the boat and put out to sea”
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Put (verb)
(of a river) flow in a particular direction.
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Put (verb)
bring into a particular state or condition
“he is putting himself at risk”
“they tried to put me at ease”
“a large aid programme was put into practice”
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Put (verb)
imagine oneself in (a particular situation)
“it was no use trying to put herself in his place”
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Put (verb)
write or print (something) in a particular place
“they put my name on the cover page”
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Put (verb)
express (a thought or comment) in a particular way
“to put it bluntly, he was not really divorced”
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Put (verb)
cause (someone or something) to be subject to something
“commentators put some of the blame on Congress”
“he defended his decision to put VAT on domestic fuel”
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Put (verb)
assign a particular value, figure, or limit to
“it is very difficult to put a figure on the size of the budget”
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Put (verb)
estimate something to be (a particular amount)
“estimates put the war’s cost at £1 million a day”
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Put (verb)
throw (a shot or weight) as an athletic sport
“she set a women’s record by putting the shot 56′ 7″”
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Put (noun)
a throw of a shot or weight.
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Put (noun)
short for put option